Category: Uncategorized

Convert .pem into .key

.pem – Defined in RFCs 1421 through 1424, this is a container format that may include just the public certificate (such as with Apache installs, and CA certificate files /etc/ssl/certs), or may include an entire certificate chain including public key, private key, and root certificates. Confusingly, it may also encode a CSR (e.g. as used here) as the PKCS10 format can be translated into PEM. The name is from Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM), a failed method for secure email but the container format it used lives on, and is a base64 translation of the x509 ASN.1 keys.

.key – This is a PEM formatted file containing just the private-key of a specific certificate and is merely a conventional name and not a standardized one. In Apache installs, this frequently resides in /etc/ssl/private. The rights on these files are very important, and some programs will refuse to load these certificates if they are set wrong.

Character Name Character

Accent `
Ampersand &
Angle Brackets < >
Apostrophe ’
Asterisk *
At Symbol @
Backslash
Braces [ ]
Brackets { }
Circumflex ^
Colon :
Comma ,
Dollar Sign $
Equal Sign =
Exclamation Point !
Hyphen –
Number Sign #
Parentheses ( )
Percent Symbol %
Period .
Pipe |
Plus Sign +
Question Mark ?
Quotation Mark “
Semicolon :
Forward Slash /
Tilde ~
Underscore _
Uppercase Letters A-Z
Lowercase Letters a-z
Numerals 0-9

To enable query logging use:

root# rndc querylog on

To disable query logging use:

root# rndc querylog off

Query logging can also be enabled by explicitly directing the queries category to a channel in the logging section of named.conf or by specifying “querylog yes;” in the options section of “named.conf”.
By default query logging will go to /var/log/messages to avoid this situation, create the logging channels:

logging {
channel default_file {
file "/var/log/named.log" size 100m;
severity dynamic;
print-time yes;
print-severity yes;
print-category yes;
};
channel queries_file {
file "/var/log/queries.log" size 100m;
severity dynamic;
print-time yes;
print-severity yes;
print-category yes;
};
category queries { queries_file; };
category default { default_file; };
};

In Excel, to convert “bytes” from a cell D2 to KB/MB in a cell C2, insert the following to a cell C2:

=IF(D2>=1048576,D2/1000000&" MB",IF(AND(D2<1048576,D2>1024),D2/1000&" KB",D2&" BYTES"))

And then copy the formula down by dragging the bottom right-hand corner of the cell with the formula to the end of your KB/MB info already entered.

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